Biografía Su obra Bibliografía Comentarios y Ref. Bibliográficas Indice de Vidas y Obras

Biografía, Teoría, Detalles, Incongruencia, Defensas, La persona Funcional al completo, Terapia.

Where No Psychologist Went Before

Biography

BIOGRAFÍA Destacado pioneiro no desenvolvimento da chamada Psicologia Humanista, ou Terceira Força em Psicologia - segundo a classificação de Abraham Maslow -, Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) foi um dos principais responsáveis - embora quase nunca se fale nisso - pelo acesso e reconhecimento dos psicólogos ao universo clínico, antes dominado pela psiquiatria médica e pela psicanálise - que, nos EUA, era exercida exclusivamente por médicos até bem pouco tempo atrás. Sua postura enquanto terapêuta sempre esteve apoiada em sólidas pesquisas e observações clínicas, podendo-se, sem sombra de dúvida, dizer que o campo de pesquisas objetivas voltadas para o referencial teórico da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa é formado por um número considerável de trabalhos, indo mesmo além que o número de pesquisas feitas sobre muitas outras abordagens, incluindo a psicanálise (Rogers & Kinget, 1977; Hart & Tomlinson, 1970; Hall & Lindzey, 1993).

Presented at the First Annual Meeting of the Association for the Development of the Person-Centered Approach which met in Chicago, Illinois at International House on the University of Chicago Campus September 3 - 7, 1986.

Psychologist Carl Rogers believed in experience. Even the way he titles his ar- ticles reflects a commitment to personal history as his only rule for living: “This Is Me, ” “Personal Thoughts on Teaching and Learning,” “A Therapist’s View of the Good Life.”

There is not a research foundation for the underlying assumption of specific treatments for specific dysfunctions. The specificity myth is replete. I repeat Stubbs and my previous comment that the direction of the research continues to prove "' . . . 'significantly insignificant to help' and often obscures what is most significantly helpful" (Stubbs & Bozarth, 1994, p.117). The most clear research evidence is that effective psychotherapy results from the resources of the client (extratherapeutic variables) and from the person to person relationship of the therapist and client. The specificity and systematizing of these variables remain somewhat murky although they do include Rogers' hypothesized variables of the attitudinal qualities. The research on relationship reviewed by Sexton and Whiston supports the conclusion " . . . that there are significant individual differences among and within clients over time and that these individual differences account for the majority of the variance in counseling outcome (Martin, 1990)" (p. 58). The data increasingly points to "the active client" and the individuality of the client as the core of successful therapy.

As the Introduction to this volume points out, all of the approaches to argumentation collected here offer some form of alternative to the "argument as war" metaphor. In each approach, "argument" is redefined as one or another form of negotiated inquiry into common grounds for belief. Rogerian rhetoric also moves away from a combative stance, but is distinct from other models of argumentation in three ways. First, it goes even farther than most other models in avoiding an adversarial approach. Second, it offers specific strategies based on nondirective therapy for building the co-operative bridges necessary for noncombative inquiry. Third, and in my opinion most important, it has the potential to offer students an opportunity for long-term cognitive and ethical growth.

Divulgar a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, também chamada de Rogeriana, procurando tornar mais conhecidos os ensinamentos de Carl Rogers.

In planning to address this group, I have considered and discarded several possible topics. I was tempted to describe the process of non-directive therapy and the counselor techniques and procedures which seem most useful in bringing about this process. But much of this material is now in writing. My own book on counseling and psychotherapy contains much of the basic material, and my recent more popular book on counseling with returning servicemen tends to supplement it. The philosophy of the client-centered approach and its application to work with children is persuasively presented by Allen. The application to counseling of industrial employees is discussed in the volume by Cantor. Curran has now published in book form one of the several research studies which are throwing new light on both process and procedure. Axline is publishing a book on play and group therapy. Snyder is bringing out a book of cases. So it seems unnecessary to come a long distance to summarize material which is, or soon ·n-ill be. obtainable in written form.

In various fields of science rapid strides have been made when direct observation of significant processes has become possible. In medicine, when circumstances have permitted the physician to peer directly into the stomach of his patient, understanding of digestive processes has increased and the influence of emotional tension upon all aspects of that process has been more accurately observed and understood. In our work with nondirective therapy we often feel that we are having a psychological opportunity comparable to this medical experience -- an opportunity to observe directly a number of the effective processes of personality. Quite aside from any question regarding nondirective therapy as therapy, here is a precious vein of observational material of unusual value for the study of personality.

Enmarcada dentro de la llamada "tercera fuerza", la psicoterapia "rogeriana" es el enfoque que mayor influencia ejerce actualmente sobre los psicoterapeutas y consejeros norteamericanos, aún por encima de la terapia racional-emotiva de Albert Ellis y del psicoanálisis freudiano. Al respecto, en un estudio realizado en EE.UU. entre 800 psicólogos y orientadores, se encontró que los psicoterapeutas propuestos como los de mayor influencia fueron, en primer lugar, Carl Rogers, en segundo lugar, Albert Ellis y en tercer, Sigmund Freud (Huber y Baruth, 1991).